Considering that emissions of certain substances in the world can be significantly undermined and alter the ozone layer in another way that can have adverse effects on human health and the environment. Determined to protect the ozone layer by taking precautions to fairly control all global emissions of substances they deplete, with the ultimate goal of eliminating them on the basis of scientific developments, the initial Montreal Protocol, signed in 1987, was the first step in international efforts to protect stratospheric ozone. Under the original Montreal Agreement (1987), industrialized countries were required to begin gradually unblocking CFCs in 1993 and reduce consumption by 20% compared to 1986 by 1994 and by 50% by 1998. In addition, industrialized countries had to freeze their production and consumption of halons compared to 1986. Following the signing of the Montreal Protocol, new data caused more severe damage to the ozone layer than expected. During the negotiations on the Vienna Convention, countries discussed a possible protocol with specific targets for certain chemicals, but no consensus was reached. UNEP`s regional maritime agreements had set a precedent in which states had negotiated a framework convention and at least one protocol that countries had to ratify at the time of accession to the Convention. However, the Vienna Convention also advanced and was opened for signature in March 1985. A UNEP working group opened negotiations on a protocol and the Montreal Protocol was concluded in September 1987, just nine months after formal diplomatic negotiations began in December 1986.
It came into force on January 1, 1989. A state must be a party to the Vienna Convention to become a party to the Montreal Protocol. The Vienna Convention and the Montreal Protocol set the precedent within UNEP for the completion of a framework agreement, which was then followed by one or more protocols. This precedent has been widely used since then, as in the Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change and in the Cartagena Protocol on the Prevention of Biotech Risks to the Convention on Biological Diversity. The fund is replenished at three years by donors. Commitments amounted to $3.1 billion between 1991 and 2005. These funds will be used, for example, to finance the conversion of existing production processes, to train staff, to pay licence fees and patent fees for new technologies, and to create national ozone boards. In December 2019, the fund amounted to just over $4.1 billion in revenue and $3.8 billion in disbursements. [41] The Montreal Protocol on Ozone Depleting Substances is a global agreement to protect the world`s ozone layer by exhaling the depleting chemicals. This operating plan covers both the production and consumption of ozone-depleting substances. The pioneering agreement was signed in 1987 and came into force in 1989. The ecological consequence of this discovery was that, since stratospheric ozone absorbs most of the ultraviolet B (UV-B) radiation reaching the planet`s surface, the depletion of the ozone layer by CFCs would result in an increase in UV-B radiation on the surface, resulting in an increase in skin cancers and other effects such as damage to crops and marine phytoplankton.
